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Webster defines accident as “a happening that is not expected” and safety as “freedom from danger or injury.” Most of the accidents that occur within structural pest management are usually the result of carelessness, failure to take the time to do the job right, and/or failure to consider the consequences one’s actions. The pest management technician’s most important responsibilities are customer and personal safety. Many hazards exist within the pest management industry, e.g., exposure to human diseases, falls, electrical hazards, working in enclosed spaces, etc. Technician’s will be exposed to some, if not all, of these hazards as they provide pest management services, When working within health care facilities, e.g., hospitals, long term care facilities, etc., technicians often are concerned about exposure to infectious diseases such as TB, AIDS, and hepatitis. While working in a patient’s room, the risk of exposure to these diseases is thought to be minimal if pre-cautionary measures are followed. Usually information is posted on or outside the door if a patient has a communicable disease. If the pest management technician must enter the room of a patient with a communicable disease, the necessary protective measures should be obtained from the nursing staff. Within health care environments, the greatest risk of technician exposure is via contact with infectious wastes, particularly blood and excretory-contaminated materials, syringes, and other contaminated medical equipment. These materials should never be handled by the pest management technician. It is especially important not to reach blindly under cabinets and into areas of poor visibility because a simple prick from a carelessly discarded needle could be disastrous. Patients also are at risk of exposure to diseases carried by technicians. The doors outside patients’ rooms and other sensitive areas always should be checked for information regarding protective measures before entering the area. Preventive measures might involve no more than the wearing of a surgical mask; they could, however, require donning full gown, head cover, gloves, and shoe covers. It is important to note that some of these same precautionary measures are required within food and drug manufacturing facilities and many medical research laboratories. Electrical hazards often are taken for granted and not given the respect they deserve. The pest management technician should exercise caution when using three-prong wall outlets and not assume that they are grounded. This is a common problem in older construction but also can occur in newer structures. There are only two ways to assure safe grounding of electrically-operated equipment. The least expensive is a three-prong lighted plug which is inserted in the outlet with a light to indicate if the outlet is grounded. The other is to use a ground fault interrupter which offers protection in the event that the outlet is not grounded or an electrical line is hit. liquid pesticides must never be used in or around electrical equipment. To prevent severe electrical shock when dusting around electrical outlets and switch plates, a plastic extension on the tip of the bulb duster should be used. Fogging and aerosol treatments are used occasionally to knock down flying and/or exposed crawling insects. The formulations used in these applications contain 3% or less active ingredient; the remaining solvent material usually is a petroleum distillate. When using these products, air exchangers, fish tank aerators, pilot lights, and electronic ignitions on stoves, hot water heaters, and furnaces must be turned off. The consequences of over-dosing with total release aerosols while failing to follow these simple precautions have led to disastrous explosions and, in some cases, destruction of the structures. If too much product is dispensed or applied too close to plastics, fabrics, and wall coverings, damage, e.g., staining, etching, etc., can occur. Occasionally pest management work requires entry into enclosed spaces such as sewers, attics, crawlspaces, silos, and unventilated storage areas. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) specifies safety measures which must be taken when entering enclosed spaces. In some cases, two people must be present, and specific safety equipment and various other precautionary measures may be required. Often entry into areas which contain insulation materials, such as asbestos and fiberglass, is required. Fiberglass, the most common insulation material currently used, is a respiratory and skin irritant. When working in attics and other confined spaces, a dust respirators, coveralls, gloves, goggles, and hat should be worn. This is even more important during the summer as sweating causes more fiberglass fibers to adhere to the skin. Upon exiting the area, exposed skin and protective equipment should be thoroughly washed. At times, pest management services will require the use of a ladder for climbing onto sloped roofs. If it is necessary to work more than 10 feet off the ground as on a ladder, an assistant should always be present to stabilize the ladder and to provide assistance in the event of a fall. The positioning and stabilization of the ladder is important regardless of the height at which one is working. A ladder used to access a roof should extend at least three feet above the top edge of the roof. The base of the ladder should be positioned one fourth the length of the distance from the base of the ladder to the point that it contacts the structure away from the base of the structure. Foot and back injuries are other safety issues which often are over-looked. When working with heavy items that might be dropped, one’s feet should be protected with steel toe shoes or boots. Proper lifting techniques should be used to avoid back strain and injury. When working around construction and renovation sites, steel soled shoes should be worn to protect the feet from nail puncture wounds. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Service technicians occasionally work with pesticide products that, if used or handled improperly, pose potential risks to the environment, e.g., company work area, the customer’s residence or place of business, the natural environment, etc. It is important to remember that the environment is composed of all living and nonliving things. LAWS AND REGULATIONS Many laws and regulations exist that affect service technicians and their daily activities. Service technicians rarely are expected to read and interpret laws and regulations; they are, however responsible for complying with them. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is the most comprehensive law within the United States concerning the use of pesticides. It regulates pesticide registration and labeling, certification and training, enforcement, and other aspects of pesticide handling and use. FIFRA states that, “no one may sell, distribute or use a pesticide unless it is registered by the EPA.” When the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registers a pesticide, it also approves the product’s label and labeling and classifies the product as general-use or restricted-use. Restricted-use products may be applied only by certified applicators or under their direct supervision. FIFRA categorizes pesticide applicators as either commercial or private. Each category has specific certification requirements. Private applicators use or supervise the use of restricted-use pesticides on property that is owned or leased by them or their employers for the purpose of producing an agricultural commodity. Commercial applicators include all other certified applicators who apply or supervise the use of restricted-use pesticides. Each state is responsible for the operation of training and certification programs for private and commercial applicators. In order to become a certified commercial applicator, most states require experience as a pesticide applicator in addition to taking a written exam. Commercial certification is offered in several categories depending on the state. Periodic recertification, a process which often requires attendance at approved training programs and/or retesting, is required by the state. The most important aspect of the FIFRA, as it relates to service technicians, concerns pesticide application, i.e., the FIFRA requires labeling and is the basis for enforcement. The label is the law. It is a violation of the FIFRA and the law to “use any product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.” The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) establishes tolerances or acceptable levels of certain pesticides in food. FIFRA also regulates, through labeling, residues in food. Both Acts are applicable to private and commercial applicators who apply pesticides to or around raw and/or processed food products. The Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act (FACT) requires private and commercial applicators to record the use of restricted-use pesticides. However, the state and/or the pest management technician’s com pony may require records for other or all pesticide use. Records of restricted-use pesticide applications, which must be maintained for two years, must include: product name, amount applied, date applied, location of application, and size of treated area. The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA) concerns transportation of hazardous materials. The Department of Transportation is the federal agency responsible for implementing these regulations. Only a few products used in pest management, i.e., fumigants, and reportable quantities of 2,4-D (100-lbs), diazinon (1-lb), chlorpyrifos (1-lb), and pyrethrins (1-lb), are classified as hazardous materials. Depending on the type of hazardous materials that is being transported, special training and a commercial driver’s license may be required, and the vehicle may require marking and/or placarding. If reportable quantities of hazardous materials are transported in a vehicle, the law requires that shipping papers be carried in the vehicle. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) requires employers to provide a reasonably safe workplace and to inform employees of potential health hazards associated with their jobs, e.g., pesticide application. OSHA also requires employers to have a written hazard communication program, a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for every hazardous product used, and to provide training on hazardous materials. The Endangered Species Act (ESA) regulates activities which can affect endangered or threatened animal and plant species. Because the use of some pesticide products con affect threatened and endangered species, their use may be limited within some geographic locations. Whether use of an active ingredient is prohibited or limited is determined by individual counties. LABELING According to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), a pesticide label is the written, printed, or graphic material on, or attached to the pesticide or device or any of its containers or wrappers. Labeling is defined as “all labels and all other written, printed, or graphic matter accompanying the pesticide or device at any time; or to which reference is made on the label or in literature accompanying the pesticide or device.” It is against the law (i.e., the FIFRA) to “use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.” Technicians must be able to read and understand the product label in order to apply the product. The law establishes strong penalties (i.e., fines and/or imprisonment) for anyone who misuses a pesticide. The cardinal rule regarding use of pesticides is the label is the law. The label contains all the essential information relevant to the use of a pesticide product. It provides specific information regarding sites at which the product can be used, which pests will be controlled, mixing instructions, and safety information which the pest management technician is expected to know and understand. Before using any pesticide product, the label must be read and understood. Any questions or doubts should be resolved before the application is made. Pesticides are classified as restricted-use if they can cause adverse effects on the environment even when applied according to the label directions. Adverse effects include potential injury to the applicator. It is the use of the product that is restricted, not the active ingredient. Restricted-use pesticides can be purchased only by certified applicators and applied by them or under their supervision. General-use pesticides are products determined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency not to cause adverse effects on the environment. General-use pesticides are considered to be safe for use by uncertified individuals. Most pesticide products are classified as general-use. States have the authority to further restrict the use of pesticides, even when EPA has decided not to do so. A state may classify a product as restricted use even though EPA has registered it as a general-use product. All states require that private (e.g., farmers) and commercial (i.e., individuals applying any pesticide for commercial purposes not on their own property) applicators must satisfy certain training, certification, and licensing requirements. Consumers do not require any training to apply general-use pesticides. Technicians should read the product label carefully before applying any pesticide product. The following information outlines the important parts of a pesticide label that a pest-control technician needs to be familiar with before treating an account. Technicians should always read the label thoroughly before making an application: Classification. All pesticides are classified as either restricted-use or general-use. A pesticide classified as a restricted-use pesticide must so state. A statement that a product is general-use is not required. Product Name. This is also referred to as the trade or brand name which is usually registered by the manufacturer with a trademark; it is the name usually seen in advertising, the one most commonly used and recognized in the industry, and the most prominent word(s) on the front panel. Formulation. This indicates the form of the product in the pesticide container, e.g., D = dust, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, WP = wettable powder, G = granule, ME = microencapsulated, etc. Ingredients Statement. This area lists in table form the active and inert ingredients and synergists as well as their respective percentage compositions in the product. Net Contents. The total weight or volume of the material in the container is usually expressed in terms of pounds or ounces for dry formulations(D, WP, G) and in gallons, pints, ounces or liters for liquid formulations ( EC, ME, S). Signal Words. These words provide information on the toxicity of the product to human beings. Every pesticide is required to have a signal word prominently displayed on the front panel, and it always follows the statement, “Keep Out of Reach of Children.” The signal words DANGER-POISON printed in red with a skull and crossbones indicates a highly toxic pesticide. If misused, this type of product is very likely to cause acute injury from inhalation, ingestion, and/or contact with skin or eyes. Products, which are so-classified due only to their potential to cause skin or eye irritation, do not utilize either the word POISON or the skull and crossbones. The signal word WARNING indicates a moderately toxic pesticide. If misused, this type of product is moderately likely to cause acute injury from inhalation, ingestion, and/or contact with skin or eyes. The signal word CAUTION indicates a slightly toxic pesticide. If misused, this type of product has only slight potential to cause acute injury from inhalation, ingestion, and/or contact with skin or eyes. Most over-the-counter pesticides fall into the “slightly toxic” classification. Manufacturer Name/Address. The name and address of the principal manufacturer must be listed. Often a telephone number is included. EPA Registration/Establishment Numbers. All pesticide products must be registered with EPA and are, thus, assigned a registration number. The establishment number indicates the facility at which the product was produced. This area of the label usually lists the manufacturer’s address. Precautionary Statements. This section of the label lists special areas of concern regarding the use of the product as welt as hazards to humans, domestic animals, and the environment. This part of the label also lists physical and chemical hazards including fire and explosions. Acute effects’ statements provide information regarding potential health effects associated with inhalation, ingestion, and/or contact with the product. It also indicates personal protective measures and equipment to be used. The label may provide information about long term health effects and reactions, such as skin irritation or asthma, that are associated with product use. Environmental statements may refer to protection of: ground water from contamination or runoff; bees, fish or birds from exposure; as well statements regarding endangered species. Directions for Use. The statement, “It is a violation of Federal Law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling,” is always found in this section of the label as a reminder that the label is the low. The directions for use are usually the most lengthy and detailed part of the label. They contain information regarding sites of application, pests controlled, mixing instructions, application directions, and special considerations. Directions may require knowledge of other definitions, e.g., crack and crevice, spot and broadcast applications, food handling, and nonfood areas of food handling establishments, how to calculate square footage or acreage for outdoor applications, and square footage and cubic footage for indoor applications. The product label can limit the rate of application and/or prescribe the maximum application pressure Directions can contain a reentry statement which indicates when a treated area can be safely entered by the customer or technician, e.g., the surfaces are dry, the structure has been ventilated, or after a specified period of time. Storage and Disposal. All pesticide labels contain information on the proper storage and disposal of pesticides and their empty containers. Label language can best be described as either mandatory or suggestive. Mandatory words include must, do not, avoid, etc., whereas suggestive language includes should, may, recommend, suggest, etc. When in doubt as to the meaning of label language, the pest management technician should check with his/her supervisor or assume that the language is mandatory. Every pest control company is required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard to establish and maintain a written hazardous communication program (HCP) for their workplace and employees. A major component of this program is material safety data sheets (MSDSs) for each pesticide product used by the pest control company. The MSDSs are usually provided by the manufacturer of the product. The MSDS is not part of the product labeling. However, often there is essential information on the MSDS which pesticide applicators should know and understand if they will be handling the product. The MSDS discusses the product in terms of the concentrate, i.e., the way the pest management company receives products from the manufacturers and prior to dilution. OSHA does not require MSDSs for diluted products other than those shipped ready-to-use. The MSDS contains the product name and hazard summary, ingredients, physical data, fire and explosion hazard data, reactivity data, a health hazard assessment, spill or leak procedures, special protection information, and regulatory information. PESTICIDE SAFETY Pesticides are products which are designed to kill or manage pests by affecting their behavior or growth, e.g., repellents, insect growth regulators, plant growth retardants, etc. They are an important component of integrated pest management. The selection of a particular pesticide depends on the site, pest, active ingredient, and formulation. Pesticides can be classified in one of three ways: • According to the type of pest controlled, e.g., insecticides control insects; avicides control birds; piscicides control fish; herbicides control weeds; acaricides control mites; fungicides control fungi; rodenficides control rodents; etc. This is the most common method of classification. • According to the stage of the pest affected, e.g., when insecticides affect eggs, they are known as ovicides; when they affect larvae, they are known as larvacides; and when they affect adults, they are known as adulticides. • According to their mode of action, i.e., how they affect the pest. Stomach poisons ore ingested into the digestive system, contact poisons kill through absorption, and respiratory poisons are absorbed when the pest inhales the product. Unless pesticide products contain 100% toxicant, which is rarely the case, they contain two or more components. The most common are the active ingredients, inert ingredients (i.e., inerts), and occasionally a synergist. This combination of components is referred to as a formulation. The active ingredient is the component in a pesticide which kills the pest or affects pest behavior. In its purest form, the active ingredient is referred to as a technical grade pesticide. Technical grade pesticides often are too toxic to use as is and so must be diluted. Pesticides should always be stored in a secure, dry area to prevent spoilage. Various products, called inerts because they are considered to be non-toxic, are used to dissolve technical grade pesticides, dilute them in water or other carrier, and allow them to be easily used. Some of the inerts commonly found in pesticides are solvents, emulsifiers, spreading and wetting agents, adhesives or stickers, masking agents, carriers and diluents, etc. Synergists are products which are used in combination with some active ingredients in order to increase the activity of the pesticide. The combined effect of the active ingredient and the synergist is greater than their sum (i.e., 1+1=3). The most common pesticide formulations are dusts (0), granules (6), wettable powders (WP), solutions (S), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), microencapsulates (ME), and baits. Dusts (D) consist of fine particles of dust such as talc or clay which are coated with a thin layer of the finely pulverized active ingredient. Dusts are easy to use, lost a long time, and do not stain or injure plants. Most dusts are ineffective when wet, do not stick to vertical surfaces, and are easily removed by rain and wind. Dusts (powder pesticides) are popular with technicians looking for long-lasting control in dry conditions. Granules (G) are identical to dusts except that the particles are much larger and usually are formulated using vermiculite. Their properties are similar to dusts, but they do not stick to vegetation, and they last longer than dusts. Some granules require water for activation. Wettable powders (WP) are dry dust formulations designed for dispersal in water. They contain wetting agents (i.e., detergents) and other inerts which help them to mix with water and remain suspended. They do not contain solvents which may have an odor, nor do they affect plants or irritate skin. Wettable powders (WP) have the same advantages as dusts, but often they produce visible residues, settle out of suspension, and clog sprayers. Soluble powders (SP or WSP) ore dry formulations which dissolve in water and form true solutions. They are easy to handle and do not require agitation in order to remain suspended. They do not produce visible residues, nor do they clog sprayers or settle to the bottom of the sprayer. Flowables (F or L) are liquid formulations composed of finely-ground particles of the active ingredient. Flowables readily mix with water to form easily-handled suspensions, require frequent agitation in order to remain in suspension, and may leave a residue. Solutions dissolve readily in water when mixing. Solutions (S) are liquid formulations which dissolve readily in water or petroleum-based solvents such as kerosene. Solutions do not settle out and do not require agitation. Emulsifiable concentrates (EC or E) are the most widely used formulations in the pest management industry. They ore composed of a liquid active ingredient, petroleum solvent(s), and on additional component ie. emulsifier which is needed in order for the product to mix with water. Emulsifiable concentrates are easy to handle, remain in solution without agitation, and rarely leave a residue. They tend to be more concentrated, thus, increasing the risk of exposure. Solvents may have an odor and/or affect products such as rubber and plastics which soften when contacted. Microencapsulated (ME) formulations consist of a liquid or dry active ingredient surrounded by a plastic coating. The formulation is usually applied in water, and the deposited microencapsulated particles gradually breakdown slowly releasing the active ingredient. Micro-encapsulation allows the active ingredient to remain for a longer period of time than emulsifiable concentrates, maintains the concentration at low levels, and protects it from environmental effects. These products are safer than emulsifiable concentrates for technicians to handle but do require constant agitation in order to remain suspended in the sprayer. Aerosols are usually ready-to-use products which contain a solvent and a propellant. They dispense very fine pesticide particles into the air for a short period of time. The active ingredient concentration typically is low (e.g., <3.0%). Toxic effects ore increased through the addition of synergists. Aerosols dispense very J pesticide particles into the air for a short time. Ultra low volume (ULV) and ultra low dose (ULD) formulations are similar to aerosols except that their particle size is much smaller. These products are applied using special ULV equipment; they do not utilize a propellant. An ULV (ULD) active ingredient is highly concentrated, often approaching 100%; however the quantity of material applied is very small, often no more than one ounce per 1,000 cu. ft. Fumigation treatments penetrate all areas of a structure and can be used against dry-wood termites and stared product pests. Fumigants are gases which, under the proper conditions, readily penetrate all areas within a space, and, in some cases the materials that are being fumigated. Fumigants are used easy to use, lost a long time, and do not stain or injure plants. Most dusts are ineffective when wet, do not stick to vertical surfaces, and are easily removed by rain and wind. Fumigants are used to treat stored products, e.g., grain and packaged foods, soil, entire structures, vehicles, etc. Fumigants must be contained because they readily dissipate into the atmosphere because they are lighter than air. They are the most toxic substances currently used in pest management, and, thus, require special personal protective measures in order to guard against inhalation. Baits are formulated as gels, granules, blocks, dusts, and pastes, all of which contain attractants and toxicants. Most baits are food-based; however, other attractants are currently being developed. Baits contain a low amount of active ingredient and remain available to pests for extended periods of time. The drawback to using some baits is that they are attractive to children, pets, and non-target animals. In addition, some become stale and easily infested with non-target pests and must compete with alternative food sources. Dead pests often cause odor problems and/or attract other scavenger pests. Technicians who apply pesticide products are responsible for ensuring that individuals, their property, and our environment are protected. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES The population at greatest risk for pesticide exposure is not customers, their children, or pets but, rather, the pest management service technician who applies the products. Exposure can result during mixing, application, transportation, or by accident. In most cases, however, exposure con be prevented by using safe handling procedures and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The hazard of working with a pesticide product is related to two factors: toxicity and exposure (i.e., HAZARD = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE). Toxicity is determined by the route of exposure and usually is measured using lethal dose (LD = mg/kg body weight) or concentration (LC = ppm or mg/l). Toxicity is reported as the amount of toxicant required to kill 50% of the test population (i.e., usually rats), and it is expressed as LD50 or LC50. The smaller the LD50 or LC50 the more toxic the product. For example, a product with an LD of 56 mg/kg is 10x more toxic than one with an LD of 2,560 mg/kg. When working with a particular pesticide product, very little can be done to control the toxicity portion of the hazard equation. However, the potential hazard will be influenced by the selection of the product, e.g., Category III products are the least toxic, and their use can reduce the hazard. The greatest degree of control that can be obtained with regard to the HAZARD equation concerns exposure. This is applicable to customers, children, pets, non-target organisms, and the individuals at greatest risk of exposure, pesticide applicators. The best defense against pesticide exposure is the use of personal protective measures. Pesticide applicators usually are exposed to pesticides via contact with skin, ingestion and/or inhalation. Pesticide applicators are more likely to be exposed to pesticides through skin or dermal contact. Most exposure occurs on the hands and arms because hands are used to handle concentrates, dilute products, and make applications. Ingestion of pesticides usually occurs when pesticide applicators fail to wash their hands after handling products and then proceed to eat. Inhalation of pesticides usually occurs during application of an aerosol, mist, vapor, etc. and/or by smoking after handling a pesticide product. Inhalation can be avoided by the wearing of a respirator. The proper protective gear should always be worn when applying pesticides. Two Federal laws, the Occupational Safety and Health Act and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, establish regulations that are designed to protect pest management technicians from pesticide exposure. Most of the regulations developed from the OSHA involve respiratory protection. Depending on the type of respiratory protection, testing for proper fit and physical examinations may be required. Care of and maintenance requirements for respirators are also included in the regulations. All labels contain precautionary statements, many of which relate to personal protective measures required when using the product. Precautionary statements on the label are either mandatory, using directive statements and words such as must, or suggestive, using words, such as should. Pesticide applicators are responsible for reading and interpreting all the information on a product label including, but not limited to, precautionary statements. Examples of precautionary statements on a commonly used structural product include: “May be fatal if swallowed,” “Harmful if absorbed through the skin or inhaled,” “Causes eye irritation,” “Avoid breathing dust or spray mist,” “Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing,” “Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling and before eating, drinking or using tobacco.” The best way to avoid breathing dust and spray mist is to wear a respirator when mixing and applying the product(s). In order for the pest management technician to avoid pesticide contact with the skin and eyes, coveralls or uniforms, chemical-resistant gloves, and goggles should be worn. Precautionary statements may be specific to the operation being performed or site of application, e.g., during mixing, application in confined spaces, application outdoors, etc. In the absence of definitive statements such as “wear a respirator,” company policy and common sense should be the guide. Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes respirators, goggles, coveralls or uniforms, hats and other head-gear, chemical-resistant gloves, and footwear which are available in various sizes, shapes, and materials. Contact with the skin is the most likely means of exposure to pesticides. Thus, the best method of protection is to wear gloves, coveralls or uniforms, and protective footwear. Headgear is optional but always should be worn when making overhead aerosol and liquid applications. Precautionary statements on the label often outline what safety gear is needed. PPE should consist of chemical-resistant materials. Cotton, leather, canvas and other woven materials are not chemical-resistant even to dusts which might penetrate the fibers and remain through several washings. Cloth-lined gloves, aprons, boots, and headgear with leather or fabric sweat bands should not be worn; although they ore comfortable, once contaminated with pesticides, they ore impossible to clean and too expensive to replace. Products fabricated from rubber or plastic, such as butyl, neoprene, poly-vinyl chloride, and non-woven fabric coated with a barrier material are resistant to dry and water-based pesticides. The packaging surrounding protective equipment should be checked to determine if the materials are chemical resistant or chemical or liquid-proof. Non-water-based product solvents might react with a variety of materials that are resistant to water-based products. The PPE may discolor, blister, soften, dissolve, crack or become stiff. If any of these problems should occur, the item should be discarded and replaced with a chemical-resistant product. Pesticide labels may require service technicians to apply pesticides while wearing chemical-resistant gloves and, occasionally, footwear. However, the technician’s hands and feet can still be contaminated with product unless the protective gloves and footwear ore chemical-resistant, worn correctly, in good repair, clean, and replaced periodically. Most indoor applications of pesticides can be made while wearing sturdy shoes and socks. Canvas shoes are not recommended. Chemical-resistant knee boots should be worn when making outdoor applications to turf, ornamentals and other low vegetation. Steps must be taken to avoid contamination of the inside of gloves and footwear which con occur when gloves are removed to adjust equipment, open a container, or move or wipe something, and then donned before washing the hands. Contamination of gloves and footwear will be avoided if the technician washes them with soap and water before they ore removed and then washes and dries his/her hands. Contamination of protective equipment con also occur when pesticide is allowed to run into the gloves and/or boots. This is preventable by wearing overalls, and by creating seals around the gloves. If the majority of work will be overhead, sleeves should be tucked into the glove. If the work is at or below waist level, the sleeve should be placed over the glove. Some gloves and cover alls have straps that allow a tight seal to be formed; if not, tape can be used to form a protective seal that will prevent the product from running into the glove. When wearing knee-high boots, the pant legs of the coveralls should be placed over the out side of the boot. Hoods and wide brimmed hats can be used to keep products from dripping or settling on the head and neck. Plastic bump caps and safari type hats are good choices. Baseball caps are not recommended because they usually are made of fabric and so may absorb product. 76 Long-sleeve shirts and gloves are recommended equipment for technicians applying pesticides. Because eyes are very sensitive to pesticides and readily absorb products, they must be protected. Goggles, face shields, or safety glasses with shields over the brow area and the sides should be worn. Safety glasses or tightly- fitting full face respirators should be worn when applying mists, aerosols and fogs. Regular eye glasses do not offer adequate protection from pesticide ex posure because they lack shields over the brow area and sides. A respirator should be worn if the product label states, “do not breathe vapors or spray mist” or if the product is applied within a confined space thereby exposing the technician to vapors or airborne particles. Labels may specify the type of respiratory protection required as well as when it must be worn. In all cases, the respiratory protective device must be approved by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) or the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) for the product being used. Three designs of air-purifying respirators ore available: the dust/mist mask covers the nose and mouth and removes particulate matter; the cartridge respirator consists of one or Iwo cartridges which remove particles; and the canister respirator removes particulate matter. The most commonly-used respirator within the industry is a half-face cartridge respirator. It is considered to be an air purifying respirator and is effective against pesticide vapors and dusts, but it offers no protection against fumigants and high vapor concentrations. Cartridges and filters should be replaced after eight hours of use, if odors, tastes and/or irritation are detected when using the respirator, or if breathing becomes difficult. Other types of respiratory protection may be required in pest manage ment operations including self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and sup plied air respirators. This protective equipment is required when working with fumigants and in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. 77-0 Respirators help protect technicians from pesticide vapors, dusts, and pests’ feces and fragments (especially those of birds) . Respirators ore available in various sizes and so must be properly fitted to the individual who will be wearing them. Respirator fit and maintenance are essential if the respirator is to perform properly. Full-face respirators fit more tightly than do half-face respirators. If the seal is not airtight, vapors and dusts will be able to enter the mask, thus, defeating the purpose of the respirator. Individuals with beards will be unable to establish an airtight seal. Respirator fit should be tested by placing the hands over the exhalation valve; when exhaling the mask should inflate slightly until the seal breaks. Fit can also be tested by placing the palm(s) over the cartridge(s) and attempting to inhale; with a good fit, air should not enter the mask. Before cleaning, the respirator should be inspected for damage and serviceability of flop valves. Prior to wash ing the respirator the cartridges and pre-filters should be removed and stored in a sealed container or discarded if they are no longer serviceable. These items will not perform properly if they are saturated with water. The respirator face-piece should be washed with soap and water, sanitized with an alcohol swab or soaked in a weak bleach solution for two minutes, dried, reassembled, and properly stored in an air tight container such as a sealable plastic bag to prevent contamination. 77-1 Respirators must be properly fitted to be effective and safe for technicians.
At the end of the workday and prior to removal, chemical-resistant items should be washed with soap and water. Work clothes should be removed and placed in a separate plastic bag or hamper away from personal clothes and family laundry. Pesticide-contaminated clothing should be washed separately from uncontaminated clothing and laundry or be laundered by a uniform service. Non-chemical-resistant materials, e.g., fabrics, should be laundered by rinsing either in a washing machine or by hand, then washed a few items at a time in hot water with heavy duty detergent. Two complete warm-water rinse cycles should complete the process. The washer should run a full complete wash cycle using hot water and detergent in order to prevent contamination of other laundry. The preferable method for drying fabric products is to allow them to air dry outside for a minimum of 24 hours. A dryer could be used, but pesticide residues may accumulate in the dryer over time. PPE is either disposable or reusable. When disposable items become contaminated with pesticides, they should be discarded in accordance with the manufacturer’s directions. All PPE should be stored in a clean, dry area where it will not be exposed to pesticides or their vapors, Exposure to pesticides can cause either acute (immediate, i.e., within 24 hours) or chronic (i.e., long term) health effects. The degree to which someone’s health may be affected depends on the active ingredient, solvents, formulation, and route of exposure to the product. Acute effects usually result from pesticide contact with skin, eyes, inhalation, or ingestion. These effects can often be overcome if treated immediately. Symptoms of pesticide exposure are related to the route of exposure; however, many of these same symptoms are characteristic of diseases and exposures to other products in our environment. 78 PPE should be stored in a clean, dry location. A pesticide that has been swallowed can result in burns to the mouth, throat, and stomach. Inhaling a pesticide can result in severe irritation to the respirotary tract and lungs. Both routes of exposure can result in absorption into the blood and circulation throughout the body. Pesticide contact with the skin can result in redness, irritation, blistering, and cracking. Eye exposure can result in irritation, temporary or permanent blindness. Skin and eye irritants often cause redness and/or rashes; more severe reactions include blisters and burns. Exposure of the eyes, nose, and throat can result in tearing, redness, swelling, stinging, and burning. Swallowing, breathing, and excessive absorption of a pesticide may result in sweating, chills, increased thirst, difficult breathing, chest pain, muscle aches and cramps, tremors, and convulsions. Anyone who experiences acute symptoms suggestive of exposure to a pesticide should seek medical help immediately. Most problems can be resolved if treated early. If the symptoms are life threatening, e.g., breathing has stopped, dizziness, fain heart palpitations, etc., life support and first aid procedures, i.e., cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be instituted and medical assistance should be sought immediately. If there is an exposure to pesticides but there are no life threatening symptoms, the individual should be protected from further exposure, the label read for emergency instructions, and general first aid procedures implemented. First aid for skin exposure is as follows: Clothing should be removed and laundered. Exposed skin should be washed with mild soap and water. Clothes should be changed and the individual should be wrapped in a blanket to avoid becoming chilled. If skin is burned or blistered, it should be covered loosely with a clean cloth or bandage. Ointments, greases, powders, etc. should not be applied to the skin. If pesticide gets in the eye(s), it (they) should be gently washed for 15 minutes with clean water. Eye wash solutions and other chemicals which might aggravate the injury should not be used. If a pesticide is inhaled, the victim should be moved to fresh air. If the individual is having difficulty breathing, emergency assistance should be called, and, if necessary, CPR initiated. If a pesticide is ingested, the mouth should be rinsed with water and the individual should drink at least a quart of milk or water. Vomiting should be induced only if directed by the label since it may create more problems than it solves if the product is corrosive, an emulsifiable concentrate, or oil-based. The active ingredient and formulation may play a role in the development of symptoms; however, the symptoms and duration of exposure should determine the need for further medical assistance. Any pesticide incident should always be reported to a supervisor. APPLICATION AND HANDLING TIPS Storage, transportation, mixing, and application of pesticides are very important aspects of pest management. The improper performance of these activities can significantly impact upon the environment, health, and property. The pesticide storage site should be secure at all times. Unauthorized persons should be denied access to the storage site which is used only to store pesticides, empty pesticide containers, application equipment, and a spill clean-up kit. Food, feed, seed, fertilizers, gasoline, medical and veterinary supplies, and personal protective equipment should never be stored in the pesticide storage. The product label should be checked for special storage requirements, especially those relating to potential fire hazards. Some products ore incompatible and, thus, need to be stored separately. All products should be stored in their original containers with legible and easily visible labels. Containers should be sealed. Bait products should be stored in a separate but secure area to prevent contamination with pesticide odors. The storage area should be checked for leaking containers. If a leak is found, a supervisor should be contacted in order to obtain specific instructions on handling the product. Pesticide products are either transported to the job site diluted and ready for use or in their concentrated form requiring dilution at the lob site. Spills during transport usually occur because of a vehicular accident, broken or leaking containers, and leaking application equipment. If a spill occurs during transport, the leak should be stopped, the spill contained, individuals and sensitive areas protected, and appropriate clean-up procedures instituted. Pesticides should not be transported in the cab of a truck or passenger area of a van or car. Products transported in these areas may produce odors, spill on individuals, and/or contaminate seats and floor coverings which are virtually impossible to clean. Other products, e.g., food, feed, clothing, that may be contaminated should not be transported. Pesticide containers should be tightly sealed and secured in the vehicle so they can not shift or tip over during transportation. Paper containers should be transported so that they do not become wet. Pesticides should always be secured within the service vehicle even if it will be unattended for only a brief period of time. Pesticides within the trunk, tool box, or other secure location should be locked in order to prevent unauthorized access by individuals, especially children. 81 Pesticides should never be carried in the passenger area of a service vehicle. Before mixing and applying a pesticide, a product appropriate for the site and problem pest must be selected. The intended site of application must be on the product labeling or it can not be used even if the pest is listed on the label. Even though a site may be listed on the label, other factors should be considered in product selection, e.g., some products may damage surfaces, pose a greater health risk, or damage or kill plants, etc. Environmental factors which should be considered involve the potential for drift during application, run off, injury to non-target organisms, ground water contamination, etc. Reportedly, some individuals are sensitive to pesticides and some states require that they be notified prior to application of any pesticide. Technicians must be familiar with the products they are applying and be able to speak intelligently about them with their customers. Most liquid pesticides that are used in commercial and agricultural pest control require dilution prior to their application. Most dry formulations, e.g., dusts and granules, baits, fumigants, and aerosols are ready-to-use and require no further dilution. Failure to properly mix a pesticide can result in several problems. Mixing a pesticide that is too strong (i.e., not sufficiently diluted) may kill non-target animals, leave excessive deposits which may affect human health, stain carpets or walls, cause odors, etc. Some people operate under the misconception that “more is better” so they mix the product stronger than permitted by the label, or they increase the frequency and/or amount of product applied. This is against the law and may result in resistance, repellency, or environmental problems. It is not a violation of the law to mix or apply a product at less than the labeled concentration or rate unless it is prohibited by the label or state regulation. However, this practice is not recommended because the product may not work well and, therefore, will need repeated applications. 82 The proper mixing of pesticides is essential to performing a safe, effective treatment. Prior to mixing a pesticide, the label must be read in order to determine what type of PPE is needed, how to dilute the product, and how much finished spray is needed for the job. These directions may differ according to the pest, site of application, and the rate of application. Most labels do not provide specific information on how much product to apply to cracks and crevices and spots. Broadcast applications, however, usually specify a certain number of ounces or gallons per 1,000 square feet or acres. To determine the appropriate amount of a liquid product to apply to a specific site, linear feet and/or square feet will need to be determined. Linear feet can be calculated by measuring the distance around a structure or area. Square footage can be calculated by multiplying the length of the structure or urea by its width (A = l x w). If the structure is not rectangular but instead is irregular in shape, it should be divided into smaller squares or rectangles; then the area of each should be calculated and added together. Products that are applied as aerosols, ultra low volumes, or fumigants always specify that a certain number of ounces or pounds be applied per 1,000 cubic feet. To determine the volume of a structure, the square footage of one floor should be calculated and multiplied by the height (V = l x w x h). For fumigations of silos calculate the area of the round base (A = Pi x r^2 where Pi = 3.14) and then multiply by the height. Calibration of dispersal equipment depends on several factors, the most important of which are the pressure and the size and type of nozzle which will be used for the application. Increasing tank (i.e., pump) pressure and/or nozzle size increases the amount of liquid pesticide discharged at the nozzle opening, and vice versa. Recalibration will be necessary if either of these variables changes. Many compressed air sprayers are now equipped with pressure gauges so that pressure can be easily monitored and maintained. Resistance to pumping is the only means of maintaining approximately the same pressure when using a compressed air sprayer without a gauge. After the operating pressure and the nozzle are selected, flow rate can be determined. The sprayer should be pressurized by pumping, and the nozzle opened to collect the discharged product in a measuring cup for one minute. Hint: water should be used to calibrate equipment. The amount of collected material in ounces (this is the flow rate per minute, e.g., 4 oz./minute). Thus, if a label requires application of 8 oz. per 100 square feet, each 100 square foot area requires application for 2 minutes while evenly distributing the spray. Hydraulic sprayers are calibrated in similar fashion; the major differences are pressure and the amount of material applied. 83 Sprayer calibration is necessary to determine the proper application rate. Volumetric applications to enclosed spaces, such as aerosols, ul84tra-low volume (ULV) applications, and fumigations, also require calibration. An amount of the product should be premeasured into the application unit’s tank, the product should be applied for one minute, the remaining amount of material in the tank should be measured, and the difference determined. In most cases, water can not be used to calibrate this type of equipment. Once the label is read, equipment calibrated, and the amount of finished product for the job determined, it is time to mix, and apply the product. Prior to mixing a pesticide, the precautionary statements on the label should be read in order to determine the appropriate personal protective measures necessary during the mixing. The label should be checked for special mixing instructions, e.g., “fill the sprayer a third full of water, add the appropriate amount of product and add the remaining water.” A mixing site should be chosen, preferably outdoors and away from unprotected people, pets, food, and water sources. An attempt should be made to mix the product on a surface that will not absorb the pesticide if it spills. Using a plastic drop cloth will accomplish this purpose. Liquid pesticide containers should be placed on a flat surface prior to opening in order to prevent accidental tipping of the container and a resulting spill. Dry formulations in bags should be carefully cut, rather than ripped, open with a knife. The appropriate amount of concentrate should be poured into a measuring device using a tip and pour service container or premeasured dose packs to prepare the finished spray. All measuring devices and empty liquid pesticide containers should be rinsed using approximately a fourth of the container’s volume. The container should be closed and shaken thoroughly in order to coat all sides, and the material poured into the spray tank. This process should be repeated three times. Some pesticide containers can not be rinsed, e.g., bait, dust, granule, and ready-to-use product containers can not be rinsed unless there ore specific instructions on the label. Once the pesticide container is rinsed, it must be discarded in accordance with the label instructions. Containers may be recyclable, refillable, require special handling, crushed or punctured, and put in the sanitary landfill. The label and state disposal regulations should be consulted. Water sources should always be protected from pesticide contamination by using on anti-siphoning device, back flow preventer, or check valve in the water supply line. When filling large pieces of application equipment, a supply pipe with an air gap can be attached to the tank, or a water drop line that has on air gap can be used. These procedures prevent siphoning of pesticide into the supply line. Mixing pesticides indoors should not occur in an open sink or near a floor drain connected to the sanitary sewer. These sites can be used if the drain can be sealed and if any spilled material can be cleaned up. Products can only be applied according to label directions. The label may limit application techniques depending on the site, e.g., indoor applications in food processing areas may be limited to crack and crevice and spot, whereas, in nonfood areas, general applications may be permitted. Prior to application, the label should be rechecked in order to determine what personal protective equipment is needed during application as well as precautions regarding the environment, non-target animals, unprotected people, etc. The product should be applied by working away from the area of application. Walking into a treated area should be avoided, but if a treated area must be crossed, appropriate protective equipment, such as rubber boots, should be worn. To avoid drift during outdoor applications, the product should be applied when there is little or no wind. Some application situations involve a high risk of exposure, e.g., indoor aerosol, fog, and ULV applications, spraying overhead areas, such as ceiling and roof eaves. If such applications increase the risk of exposure, appropriate protective equipment, such as full face respirator, hat, long sleeved shirt, face shield, etc., should be worn. Once the application is completed, it is important to clean the application equipment because residues may clog and damage the equipment or may be incompatible with other products. Cleaning should be thorough and include the tank, hoses, nozzles, pumps, etc. The equipment should be rinsed with a material compatible with the formulation; in most cases, water is recommended. Technicians should always wash their hands after handling pesticides. The rinse material should be collected, and, if possible, used to dilute mixtures of the same product during future applications. The rinse materials should not be allowed to enter any body of water, drains connected to sewers or septic tanks, nor to create puddles that can be contacted by children or pets. After the equipment is cleaned and stored, PPE and clothing should be removed, cleaned as necessary, and hands, face, and other exposed areas of skin washed. it is preferable to shower before leaving the shop to go home. The use of restricted-use pesticides and other products should be recorded as required by state regulation and company policy. In fact, it is good practice for technicians to record the usage information for all pesticide products they apply in on account, Transportation, storage, mixing, and application of pesticide products is not a job to be taken lighfly. The professional technician is responsible for ensuring that these operations ore performed safely and in a way that protects people, property, and the environment, Spill Prevention and Clean-Up In the normal course of pest management operations, pesticides are occasionally placed into the environment in order to control pests. At other times these products can accidentally be introduced into the environment by spills that occur in storage, during mixing, and transportation. Improper handling of rinse water and disposal of containers may also lead to contamination. In providing pest management services consideration must be given to sensitive outdoor areas that might easily be affected by pesticides. Water sources, schools, hospitals, sensitive ornamentals, and the habitats of endangered and threatened species are examples of areas that con be affected by accidents involving pesticides. Indoor sites are equally, if not more, sensitive than those found outdoors. Sensitive items and areas include children’s toys, nurseries, pet bedding and toys, food preparation and storage areas, and indoor plants. In virtually all cases contamination of the environment is an unintentional act resulting from an accidental spill, environmental conditions, improper application, and a lack of awareness of construction and soil conditions. Environmental contamination can occur in outdoor settings when strong winds cause pesticides to drift off application sites; heavy rains wash the product into surface waters and drains; vehicle accidents and hose breaks cause soil contamination; and fires at pesticide storage facilities cause air and water pollution. The most serious incidents involving environmental contamination from pesticides result from vehicular accidents. Lawn care equipment, termite rigs, and agricultural spray equipment pose the greatest risk because they transport larger quantities of concentrates and formulated materials than do most service vehicles, Indoor environmental contamination often results from a hose break, too much product applied to a surface thereby resulting in run off, too much aerosol dispensed in the air causing settling deposits, etc. In most situations product spills indoors are minor accidents resulting in puddling of materials. Careful observation during application of products will help to minimize the risk of environmental contamination by following application rates, disposal procedures, and other precautionary statements on the product label, liquid, aerosol, and/or dust products must not be applied near vents that might draw the materials into the air handling system. Technicians are responsible for the products they use and must be aware of the surrounding environment and should attempt to anticipate what may happen if and when a product is applied. The key to protection of the environment from pesticide spills is prevention. This involves the development of a company spill management plan, training, vehicle and equipment maintenance, and having spill management materials available. Spill emergency procedures should include identification of the pesticide, safety and care of the injured, site security, containment and control, reporting, clean-up, decontamination, and disposal. The order in which these activities are performed is determined by company policy and the situation. The company management should, as soon as possible, be informed that a spill has occurred. If no one is available, the company emergency response services, such as INFOTRAC or CHEMTREC, should be contacted. Identification of the products involved in a spill is much easier when shipping papers, product inventory, labels, and material safety data sheets are within the service vehicle. Products should be transported in their original containers or, if diluted in a service container, they should be marked with the product name, toxicity signal word, name and address of the pest management company and the statement, “Keep Out of the Reach of Children.” During transport, all containers should be tightly sealed and secured in order to prevent spillage. Products should not be transported in the passenger compartment of the vehicle or with other products such as food. Vehicles transporting certain quantities of hazardous materials, such as fumigants, must be marked or placarded. 87 Product labels and MSDS h be in the service vehicle/or quick reference. Every service vehicle should be equipped with an emergency response guide book and a spill control kit appropriate for the type of service provided with the vehicle, e.g., lawn care, termiticide application, fumigation, general household pest control, etc. The emergency response book should contain shipping papers, labels and MSDSs for products being transported, written emergency spill procedures, emergency telephone numbers, first aid and medical emergency procedures. The spill control kit should include personal protective equipment such as chemical resistant gloves, respirator, eye protection, and coveralls. String, tape or caution tape and stakes to mark off the spill area should also be included. Materials to contain and/or soak up the spill, such as vermiculite, cat litter, sawdust, clay, shredded newspaper, commercial absorbents are used for smaller spills, whereas sand snakes and absorbent pillows or tubes are used for larger spills. A shovel, broom, dust pan and plastic bags or barrels are needed to scoop up the absorbed products. Blank labels should be available to properly label the containers containing absorbed materials. The service vehicle should have a supply of fresh water and heavy duty detergent, a fire extinguisher and first aid kit. A handy guide to aid recollection is to use the “three Cs” to manage a pesticide spill, i.e., control, contain, and clean-up. The spill should be contained at the source of the leak. A compressed air sprayer should be inverted. Vice grips should be used to pinch a broken hose. The pump engine should be turned off. A smaller leaking container should be placed inside a larger container. 88 Each service vehicle should contain an emergency spill-control kit. Children, pets and other nonessential personnel should be denied access to the spill area. Individuals should remain upwind from the site so that they are not exposed to fumes. The pest management technician should exercise self-protection by donning protective equipment prior to entering the spill area and attempting to contain and clean-up spills. The spill should be contained and prevented from spreading to adjacent areas. Absorbent materials, e.g., commercial absorbents and cat litter should be used indoors. Special care must be taken to protect water sources, e.g., wells, ponds, streams, rivers, and lakes. Spilled materials should be prevented from entering sewers, ditches, and floor drains since they ultimately lead to larger water sources. Spills that threaten this critical environment should be blocked or diverted using sand snakes, absorbent pillows, trenching, and/or diking. Liquid spills should be absorbed with vermiculite, cat litter, sawdust, clay, shredded newspaper, and commercial absorbents. If the spill is on a relatively non-absorbent surface, all the absorbent material should be swept up and placed in a container for disposal. If the contaminated surface is porous, e.g., soil, wood or carpet, it may need removal. Soil that is several inches deep and that covers several square feet may require removal. Regardless of the material or quantity, it must be handled and disposed of as an excess pesticide. Pesticide spills should be contained and absorbed as quickly as possible. Dry spills should be covered in order to prevent the dust from becoming airborne. Dusts should be covered with plastic or sweeping compound and/ or lightly misted with water. Dusts should not be over-wetted or they will clump and be unsuitable for reuse. Dry products should be swept and used if still serviceable. Dust products which become too wet or filled with debris should be handled as excess pesticides. When as much product as possible has been removed, the site should be decontaminated. The label should always be checked for clean-up and decontamination procedures. It is, unfortunate, however that most labels do not contain this information. If a spill has occurred on a nonporous surface such as ceramic tile, sealed concrete, sheet vinyl or similar surface, water and a strong detergent solution should be used in order to clean the affected surfaces. The rinse water should be absorbed and the solution prevented from further contaminating the site via running off. Absorbed materials should be swept up and discarded of it as excess pesticides. The spill site should not be left until another knowledgeable person has arrived or until the clean up has been completed. The service vehicle should be cleaned, as should application equipment and reusable clean-up equipment if they were contaminated during the spill or clean-up process. The vehicle and equipment should be cleaned with chlorine bleach, dish washing detergent, and water. Personal protective equipment should be cleaned per recommendations in the company’s policy on care and use of personal protective equipment. A shower should be taken using plenty of soap and water paying particular attention to hands, arms, feet, face, and any other areas that may have been exposed. Injury and environmental damage can be prevented if hazards are anticipated and proper safety precautions are taken. Prev: Pest-Control Equipment |