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Water Works Engineering: Planning, Design And Operation
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by: Syed R. Qasim, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas; Edward M. Motley, Arlington, Texas
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Description
This book offers the most in-depth, step-by-step coverage available of contemporary water treatment plant planning, design, and operations. KEY TOPICS: Start by reviewing the state-of-the-art in water treatment technology, along with future trends. Understand the key water quality constituents and their health significance; and the unit operations and water treatment processes in most widespread use. Walk step-by-step through water treatment plant planning and design, including predesign reports, problem definition, site selection, and more. Next, review key issues such as raw water intake, screening, aeration, conveyance, flow measurement, pumping, coagulation, flocculation, precipitation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and fluoridation. The book includes detailed coverage of aesthetic issues such as color, taste, and odor control; techniques for residuals management; a guide to instrumentation and control; a review of nonconventional processes; and a troubleshooting guide for avoiding key design errors. MARKET: For all professionals concerned with water works engineering, including consulting engineers, professionals, equipment manufacturers, and technical personnel in city, state, and national organizations who must review designs and specifications.
Table of Contents
(NOTE: All chapters, except Chapters 1 and 17, begin with an Introduction.)
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
1. Introduction.
Historical Background. Federal Drinking Water Standards. Current Status and New Technologies. Water Works Engineering and Design. Scope of Book.
2. Water Quality.
Water Quality Constituents.
3. Water Treatment Processes.
Raw Water Intake, Pumping, Conveyance, And Flow Measurement. Water Treatment Systems. Residuals Management. Treatability Studies.
4. Basic Design Considerations.
Water Quality Objectives. Regulatory Requirements. Initial and Design Years and Staging Periods. Service Area. Plant Capacity. Raw Water Quality and Source Selection. Process Selection and the Treatment Process Train. Plant Siting, Layout, and Hydraulics. Equipment Selection. Energy and Resource Requirement. Plant Economics. Environmental-Impact Assessment. State Requirements.
5. Predesign Report and Problem Definition for the Design Example.
Significance of a Predesign Report. Contents of a Predesign Report. Model Predesign Report.
6. Raw Water Intake, Screening, and Aeration.
Raw Water Intake Structures. Screening. Aeration. Design of Intakes and Screens. Equipment Manufacturers of Intake, Screening, and Aeration Devices. Information Checklist for Design of Raw Water Intake and Screen. Design Example. Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting for Raw Water Intake and Screens. Specifications.
7. Water Conveyance, Flow Measurement, and Pumping.
Water Conveyance Systems. Flow Measurement. Pumping. Pump Stations. Manufacturers of Water Conveyance, Pumping, and Flow-Measurement Equipment. Information Checklist For Design of Raw Water Conveyance, Pump Stations, and Flow Meters. Design Example. Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting for Conveyance Systems, Pump Stations, and Flow Meters. Specifications.
8. Coagulation, Flocculation, and Precipitation.
Suspended Solids. Dissolved Solids And Chemical Precipitation. Rapid Mix. Flocculation. Manufacturers of Coagulation and Flocculation Equipment. Information Checklist for Design of Coagulation and Flocculation Facilities. Design Example. Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting for Coagulation and Flocculation Facilities. Specifications.
9. Sedimentation.
Theory of Sedimentation. Sedimentation Basin Design. Manufacturers of Sedimentation Equipment and Systems. Information Checklist for Design of Sedimentation Facilities. Design Example. Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting for Sedimentation Facilities. Specifications.
10. Filtration.
Theory of Filtration. Types of Filters. Filter Media. Filter Components. Filter System Operation. Filter Hydraulics. Filter Cleaning or Backwashing. Filter Media Support System. Filter Instrumentation Systems. Manufacturers of Filtration Equipment. Information Checklist for Design of Filtration System. Design Example. Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting for Filtration Systems. Specifications for Filtration Systems.
11. Color, Taste, and Odor Control.
Color. Taste and Odor. Equipment Manufacturers of Color-, Taste-, and Odor-control Systems. Information Checklist for Design of Color-, Taste-, and Odor-control Facilities. Design Example. Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting for Color, Taste, and Odor Control Facilities. Specifications.
12. Disinfection and Fluoridation.
Disinfection. Primary Disinfection Technologies. Secondary Disinfection Technologies. Fluoridation. Equipment Manufacturers of Disinfection and Fluoridation Systems. Information Checklist for Design of Disinfection and Fluoridation Systems. Design Example. Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting for the Disinfection Facility. Equipment Specifications.
13. Water Stability, Clearwell, High-service Pumps, and Distribution System.
Water Stability. Clearwells. High-service Pumping. Water Distribution Systems. Equipment Manufacturers for Clearwells, High-service Pumps, and Distribution Systems. Information Checklist for Design of Clearwells, High-service Pumps, and Distribution Systems. Design Example. Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting for Water Stability, Clearwells, High-service Pumps, and Distribution Facilities. Specifications.
14. Residuals Processing and Disposal.
Sources and Characteristics of Residual Streams. Residuals Processing. Manufacturers of Residuals-management Equipment. Information Checklist for Design of Residuals-management Facilities. Design Example. Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting for Residuals-management Facilities. Specifications.
15. Plant Siting, Layout, Yard Piping, and Hydraulic Profile.
Plant Siting. Plant Layout Considerations. Yard Piping and Hydraulic Profile. Information Checklist for Plant Layout and Preparation of Hydraulic Profile. Design Example.
16. Process Control.
Benefits and Need of Instrumentation and Control Systems. Components of Instrumentation and Control Systems. Manufacturers of Instrumentation and Control Systems. Information Checklist for Design and Selection of Instrumentation and Control Systems. Design Example.
17. Design Summary.
18. Nonconventional Water Treatment Processes and Designs.
Removal of Inorganics. Removal of Organics.
19. Avoiding Design Errors.
Examples of Design Errors and Deficiencies. Procedure to Avoid or Reduce Common Design Errors and Deficiencies.
Appendix A: Physical and Chemical Properties of Water.
Appendix B: Constants and Coefficients Used for Hydraulic Head Loss Calculation.
Appendix C: Manufacturers and Suppliers of Water Treatment Process Equipment.
Appendix D: Design Parameters, Abbreviations, Symbols, Constants, Conversion Factors, and Other Useful Information for Water Works Engineering
Features
Water treatment plans: planning, design, and operations, in depth.
* A single source for equipment selection, naufacturers, equipment specifications, operations, and maintenance.
* Includes easy-to-apply design criteria, procedures, and concepts.
* End-to-end design coverage: units layout, yard pipings, hydraulic profile, instrumentation, control, and more.
Preface
The Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 are the most sweeping legislative changes in the history of the public water supply field and will have more of an impact than the original act passed over two decades ago. These legislative changes reflect a perception by Congress that there is a great amount of public anxiety over the quality of our drinking water, as well as frustration with the manner in which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) enforced the requirements of the original act. Practicing engineers and utility managers who are involved with the planning, design, and operation of water treatment plants must begin to evaluate current options and anticipate what lies ahead. At the present time, many programs in civil and environmental engineering at numerous universities are offering courses in the area of water treatment plant design.
Several excellent books have been written in recent years that present theory and principles of water treatment processes. The authors have observed during their years of experience in the water treatment field that no publication has been devoted entirely to water works engineering planning, design, and operation. The intent of the authors in developing this book is twofold: first, to consolidate the developments in design of water works engineering that have evolved as a result of technological advancement in the field and of the concepts and policies promulgated by the environmental laws and the subsequent guidelines; second, to develop step-by-step procedures for planning, design, and operation of a medium-size conventional water treatment plant.
This book has a total of nineteen chapters and four appendices. Chapters 1 through 4 are devoted to the basic facts of water engineering. Current and future trends in water treatment technology, water quality constituents, design factors, drinking water regulations, unit operations and processes, process combinations, and process trains are discussed in detail.
Chapter 5 is devoted to preparation of a predesign report. The general purpose of a predesign engineering report and an example of a model predesign report for a medium-size water supply project are presented. In this predesign report, procedures are presented for (1) estimation of population, water demand, plant capacity, and raw water quality; (2) evaluation and selection of a treatment process train; (3) coordination with distribution system; and (4) estimation of costs for proposed capital improvement project.
The remainder of the book is devoted to the design of the medium-size water treatment facility for which the predesign report is developed in Chapter 5. Step-by-step design calculations; equipment details; engineering drawings, plans, and specifications; and operation and maintenance of head works, raw water transport, treatment, and distribution systems: all are presented. These systems include raw water intake, screening, pump station, transport pipeline, flow measurement, rapid mix, flocculation, clarification, filtration, color, taste and odor control, disinfection, distribution, and residuals handling and disposal. Also, separate chapters have been devoted to plant layout, yard piping and hydraulics, instrumentation and automatic controls, design summary, and the avoidance of design errors. A separate chapter (Chapter 18) is provided to cover nonconventional treatment processes. In this chapter, the treatment processes for nitrate and fluoride removal, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and heavy metals and organics removal are briefly presented.
The design procedures given in this book are for illustration and general information only and are not intended to be used as standard for water treatment plant designs. References made in this publication to specific methods, processes, and equipment do not constitute or imply an endorsement or recommendation. Equivalent or improved equipment may be obtained from many other manufacturers not mentioned in this publication.
This book will serve the needs of students, teachers, consulting engineers, equipment manufacturers, and technical personnel in city, state, and federal organizations who must review designs and specifications. In order to maximize the usefulness of this book, the material has been presented in a simplified and concise format. Many tables have been developed using a variety of sources. Those tables provide information used extensively in water treatment plant design. Basic properties of water, hydraulic design information, chemical properties and equipment selection, equipment manufacturers, cost equations, and unit conversions are arranged in four appendices.
It should be mentioned that a great deal of emphasis has been given to the predesign report and the design of conventional water treatment units. The authors are well aware of the fact that equal emphasis or in-depth design procedures for many other nonconventional water treatment processes such as denitrification, defluoridation, demineralization, and other specialized processes (briefly presented in Chapters 3 and 18) are not given elsewhere in this book. The reason is very simple. Covering design procedures for these processes would take another book of equal size. The authors strongly believe that the planning and design principles developed in this book can easily be extended to the design of many other treatment processes for a new plant or the upgrading of an existing facility. Therefore, the in-depth coverage and step-by-step design procedure for an entire conventional water treatment plant is the strongest feature of this publication.
This book is intended for a design course in water works engineering. Most of the programs in civil and environmental engineering are offering such courses at graduate and undergraduate levels. The material is developed in such a way that the normal prerequisites (fluid mechanics and an introductory course in water supply and wastewater treatment) would be sufficient. Furthermore, the basic material contained in this book can be covered in a three-semester credit course.
In this country, because the old plants will be upgraded in the future, the U.S. customary units will continue to be in use for some time to come. Therefore, where possible, both systems of units are used side-by-side, and proper conversion factors are provided. Complete conversion tables are given separately in an appendix.
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